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It has been pointed out (Anecdote #29) that Esther Lederberg (among other women) suffered gender discrimination. Esther was appointed to the non-tenured position of "adjunct research professor" at Stanford University, coterminous with her own funding source. Many people have noted that as "adjuncts" often did not have a PhD, it was a bit peculiar for a research professor to have a lower title than recent male postdocs with no major accomplishments who might study under her direction.